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For the CARRA period, the glacier albedo for the period 1996-up to 1999 is approximated by a multi-year average daily MOD10A1 C6 value which is derived from data during the period 2000-2006. Such data from MODIS will be available at least until the winter of 2019/20, but there is some uncertainty regarding later availability, with increasing risk of failure or decommissioning of the system. For the period from 2017 onwards, glacier albedos derived from Sentinel-3 Ocean Land and Colour Instrument (OLCI) data (Kokhanovsky et al. 2019) are available on a daily basis with 300 m resolution. These ESA Snow and Ice data are available in near real-time with under 24 h latency from the end of 2019. They are available from the CRYOCLIM, PROMICE and PolarTEP data portals. We hope to continue with MODIS data until 2021 for consistency; otherwise use of the Sentinel-3 OCLI data for the final period is believed to be a good backup solution.

...

Table 2.2.6.1: Overview of SST and SIC input data in CARRA

Product

Parameters used here

Time Period

Grid spacing

Reference/DOI

OSI-450

SIC

Jan. 1979 – Dec. 2015

25 x 25 km

http://dx.doi.org/10.15770/EUM_SAF_OSI_0008

SICCI-25km

SIC

June 2002 – Oct. 2011
July 2012 – May 2017

25 x 25 km

https://doi.org/10.5285/f17f146a31b14dfd960cde0874236ee5

BAL_REP

SST + SIC

Jan. 1982 – Dec. 2011

0.03°

http://marine.copernicus.eu/services-portfolio/access-to-products/?option=com_csw&view=details&product_id=SST_BAL_SST_L4_REP_OBSERVATIONS_010_016

BAL_NRT

SST + SIC

Nov. 2011 – present

0.02°

http://marine.copernicus.eu/services-portfolio/access-to-products/?option=com_csw&view=details&product_id=SST_BAL_SST_L4_NRT_OBSERVATIONS_010_007_b

ESA SST CCI

SST

Sep. 1991 – Dec. 2010

0.05°

http://dx.doi.org/10.5285/2262690A-B588-4704-B459-39E05527B59A

OSTIA_OPR

SST

Jan. 2007 – present

0.05°

http://marine.copernicus.eu/services-portfolio/access-to-products/?option=com_csw&view=details&product_id=SST_GLO_SST_L4_NRT_OBSERVATIONS_010_001

CMC SST

SST

Sep. 1991 – Mar. 2017

0.02°

https://doi.org/10.5067/GHCMC-4FM02

The SIC fields have been extrapolated along the coasts to cover the fjords with reasonable values. In the processing chain SIC<15% is defined as no ice for the Baltic Sea ice, the OSISAF and the SICCI product. The interface occurring, when merging the Baltic Sea SST product with the ESA CCI SST product, has been smoothened by averaging along the interface. The SST and SIC consistency analysis performed in relation to the development of the CARRA reanalysis showed that L4 SST can be a beneficial filter to remove spurious ice in the sea ice products. The reason is that the SST fields in general have fewer coastal issues, due to the use of higher resolution infrared observations. Sea ice (outside the Baltic region) is removed if the SST exceeds a given threshold in either of the two global SST products (ESA CCI SST and CMC). The SST threshold differs slightly between the two products (depending on the SST average and trend within the domain for each product) and varies linearly over time from about 1.5 to 2.5°C for the period 1995-2017.

...

Table 3.1: Summer verification CARRA (CA) and ERA5 (ER). Verification of MSLP, T2m and W10m for June, July and August 2015 for a selection of regions in CARRA domains. Green (red) numbers are used when CARRA is verifying better (worse) than ERA5. Colored cells are used to highlight larger differences (STD differences larger than 20% and bias difference are larger than 0.25). Asterisks denote significant differences (95th percentile confidence intervals calculated by bootstrapping is not over-laying each other).

Verification June, July and August 2015

MSLP

2m air temperature

10m wind speed

BIAS

STD

BIAS

STD

BIAS

STD

Reanalysis

CA

ER

CA

ER

CA

ER

CA

ER

CA

ER

CA

ER

Svalbard

0.0

0.0

0.5

0.6

0.0*

-0.9*

0.7*

1.8*

-0.2*

-1.1*

2.3

2.5

Greenl. coast

0.3

0.3

0.6

0.5

-0.4*

-0.8*

1.2*

2.2*

0.2*

-0.8*

2.4*

2.1*

Iceland coast

0.1*

0.0*

1.0

1.0

0.1

0.1

0.7*

1.2*

0.4*

-0.6*

2.1*

2.3*

Norway coast

0.0*

0.1*

0.9

0.9

-0.1*

-0.4*

0.8*

1.3*

-0.1*

-0.2*

2.0*

2.3*

Iceland fjords

0.0

0.0

0.5

0.5

-0.6*

-1.0*

1.1*

1.6*

0.6*

-0.1*

2.4*

2.5*

Norway fjords

0.0

0.0

0.3

0.3

-0.2*

-0.7*

0.9*

1.4*

-0.2*

-1.0*

1.9

1.9

Greenl. GCNET

NA

NA

NA

NA

-0.4*

-1.2*

1.4*

3.6*

0.7*

1.3*

2.2*

2.4*

Iceland inland

0.1

-0.1

0.5

0.5

-0.4*

-0.6*

1.0*

1.8*

-0.1*

-1.2*

2.0*

2.1*

Norway inland

0.1

0.1

0.4*

0.5*

-0.5*

-1.1*

1.2*

1.8*

0.5*

0.0*

1.6*

1.4*

Iceland higl.

0.2*

0.1*

0.8*

1.0*

-0.1*

0.8*

0.8*

1.6*

-0.5*

-2.0*

2.1*

2.5*

Scand. mount.

NA

NA

NA

NA

1.0*

2.6*

2.1*

2.2*

-1.4*

-2.9*

3.2*

2.8*

Table 3.2: Similar to Table 3.1, but verification is valid for winter 2014/2015 (December, January and February). 

Verification Decemer 2014 January, February 2015

MSLP

2m air temperature

10m wind speed

BIAS

STD

BIAS

SETD

BIAS

STD

Reanalysis:

CA

ER

CA

ER

CA

ER

CA

ER

CA

ER

CA

ER

Svalbard

0.2*

0.1*

0.7*

0.8*

0.0*

-0.1*

1.5*

2.8*

0.6*

-1.4*

3.2

3.3

Greenl. coast:

0.2*

0.6*

1.0

0.9*

0.3*

-1.2*

1.2*

2.5*

1.0*

-1.4*

3.7*

3.4*

Iceland coast:

0.2*

0.3*

1.3

1.3

0.4*

-0.2*

0.9*

2.0*

1.0*

-1.2*

3.3

3.3

Norway coast:

0.1*

0.2*

0.4*

0.5*

0.2*

-0.5*

0.9*

2.1*

0.2*

-1.0*

2.9*

3.4*

Iceland fjords

0.0*

0.2*

0.9*

0.7*

-0.5*

-1.9*

1.2*

2.3*

2.1*

-1.0*

3.7

3.8

Norway fjords

0.1

0.1

1.6

1.6

-0.1*

-2.4*

1.2*

2.9*

0.7*

-1.6*

2.8*

2.4*

Greenl. GCNET

NA

NA

NA

NA

-0.7*

1.2*

3.9*

7.0*

1.1*

1.8*

2.4

2.6

Iceland inland

-0.2

-0.2

0.8*

1.0*

-0.2*

-0.7*

1.2

2.4*

0.4*

-2.2*

3.3

3.2

Norway inland

0.1*

-0.4*

0.6*

1.1*

0.0

0.0

2.1*

3.8*

1.2*

0.3*

2.5*

2.2*

Icel. higland

0.2*

0.1*

1.1*

1.5*

-0.1*

1.1*

1.2*

2.4*

0.4*

-2.2*

3.3

3.2

Sca. mountain

NA

NA

NA

NA

0.2*

0.6*

2.7*

4.0*

-1.6*

-4.7*

4.6*

4.0*

Figure 3.2.5: Time series of Equitable Threat Score, the monthly observed 90%-tile is used as threshold, for a) CARRA-East domain (thresholds varies from ~ 8 m/s in summer to ~ 12 m/s in winter) and b) CARRA-West domain (thresholds varies from ~ 8 m/s in summer to ~ 15 m/s in winter). CARRA in red and ERA5 in blue (including 95th percentile confidence interval by bootstrapping).

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